Immunobiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus an infection
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a non-cytopathic, hepatotropic virus with the potential to trigger a persistent an infection, in the end resulting in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Over the previous 4 many years, the essential ideas of HBV gene expression and replication in addition to the viral and host determinants governing an infection consequence have been largely uncovered. Whereas HBV seems to induce little or no innate immune activation, the adaptive immune response mediates each viral clearance in addition to liver illness.
Right here, we evaluate our present data on the immunobiology and pathogenesis of HBV an infection, focusing specifically on the position of CD8+ T cells and on a number of current breakthroughs that problem present dogmas.
For instance, we now belief that HBV integration into the host genome typically serves as a related supply of hepatitis B floor antigen (HBsAg) expression throughout continual an infection, presumably triggering dysfunctional T cell responses and favouring detrimental immunopathology.
Additional, the distinctive haemodynamics and anatomy of the liver – and the modifications they incessantly endure throughout illness development to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis – profoundly affect T cell priming, differentiation and performance.
We additionally talk about why therapeutic approaches that restrict the intrahepatic inflammatory processes triggered by HBV-specific T cells could be surprisingly helpful for sufferers with continual an infection.
Description: A rapid test for detection of antibodies (IgG and IgM) for 2019-nCoV, the novel Coronavirus from the Wuhan strain. The test is easy to perform, takes 10 minutes to provide reliable results and is higly specific to the 2019-nCoV Coronavirus.
Description: A rapid test for detection of antibodies (IgG and IgM) for 2019-nCoV, the novel Coronavirus from the Wuhan strain. The test is easy to perform, takes 10 minutes to provide reliable results and is higly specific to the 2019-nCoV Coronavirus.
Human FAIM3(Fas Apoptotic Inhibitory Molecule 3) ELISA Kit
Description: Method of detection: Double Antibody, Sandwich ELISA;Reacts with: Homo sapiens;Sensitivity: 18.75pg/ml
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Schistosomes within the Lung: Immunobiology and Alternative
Schistosome an infection is a significant trigger of world morbidity, notably in sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, there is no such thing as a efficient vaccine for this main uncared for tropical illness, and re-infection routinely happens after chemotherapeutic therapy. Following invasion by means of the pores and skin, larval schistosomula enter the circulatory system and migrate by means of the lung earlier than maturing to maturity within the mesenteric or urogenital vasculature.
Eggs launched from grownup worms can develop into trapped in varied tissues, with resultant inflammatory responses resulting in hepato-splenic, intestinal, or urogenital illness – processes which have been extensively studied lately.
In distinction, though lung pathology can happen in each the acute and continual phases of schistosomiasis, the mechanisms underlying pulmonary illness are notably poorly understood. In continual an infection, egg-mediated fibrosis and vascular destruction can result in the formation of portosystemic shunts by means of which eggs can embolise to the lungs, the place they’ll set off granulomatous illness.
Acute schistosomiasis, or Katayama syndrome, which is primarily evident in non-endemic people, happens throughout pulmonary larval migration, maturation, and preliminary egg-production, typically involving fever and a cough with an accompanying immune cell infiltrate into the lung. Importantly, lung migrating larvae aren’t only a reason for irritation and pathology however are a key goal for future vaccine design.
Nevertheless, vaccine efforts are hindered by a restricted understanding of what constitutes a protecting immune response to larvae. On this evaluate, we discover the present understanding of pulmonary immune responses and inflammatory pathology in schistosomiasis, highlighting vital unanswered questions and areas for future analysis.
Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of extreme acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a present replace
The emergence of extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes probably the most important world public well being problem in a century. It has reignited analysis curiosity in coronavirus.
Whereas little data is offered, analysis is at the moment in progress to comprehensively perceive the final biology and immune response mechanism in opposition to SARS-CoV-2. The spike proteins (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 carry out a vital perform in viral an infection institution. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 play a pivotal position in viral entry. “
Upon viral entry, the launched pro-inflammatory proteins (cytokines and chemokines) trigger the migration of the T cells, monocytes, and macrophages to the an infection web site.
IFNϒ launched by T cells initiates a loop of pro-inflammatory suggestions. The inflammatory state could additional improve with a rise in immune dysfunction accountable for the an infection’s development.
A therapy strategy that stops ACE2-mediated viral entry and reduces inflammatory response is a vital therapeutic intervention technique, and nanomaterials and their conjugates are promising candidates. Nanoparticles can inhibit viral entry and replication.
Nanomaterials have additionally discovered software in focused drug supply and in addition in creating a vaccine in opposition to SARS-CoV-2. Right here, we briefly summarize the origin, transmission, and scientific options of SARS-CoV-2. We then mentioned the immune response mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2.
Lastly, we additional mentioned nanotechnology’s potentials as an intervention technique in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 an infection. All these understandings shall be essential in creating therapeutic methods in opposition to SARS-CoV-2.
PD-1 immunobiology in glomerulonephritis and renal cell carcinoma
Background: Programmed cell demise protein (PD)-1 receptors and ligands on immune cells and kidney parenchymal cells assist preserve immunological homeostasis within the kidney. Dysregulated PD-1:PD-L1 binding interactions happen through the pathogenesis of glomerulopathies and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The regulation of those molecules within the kidney is vital to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies that deal with RCC and will induce glomerulopathies as an opposed occasion.
Strategies: The expression and performance of PD-1 molecules on immune and kidney parenchymal cells have been reviewed within the wholesome kidney, PD-1 immunotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity, glomerulopathies and RCC.
Outcomes: PD-1 and/or its ligands are expressed on kidney macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Vitamin D3, glutathione and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulate hypoxic cell indicators concerned within the expression and performance of PD-1 molecules.
These pathways are altered in kidney illness and are linked to the manufacturing of vascular endothelial progress issue, erythropoietin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-18, IL-23, and chemokines that bind CXCR3, CXCR4, and/or CXCR7.
These elements are differentially produced in glomerulonephritis and RCC and could also be vital biomarkers in sufferers that obtain PD-1 therapies and/or develop glomerulonephritis as an opposed occasion CONCLUSION: By evaluating the features of the PD-1 axis in glomerulopathies and RCC, we recognized related chemokines concerned within the recruitment of immune cells and distinct mediators in T cell differentiation.
The expression and performance of PD-1 and PD-1 ligands in diseased tissue and notably on double-negative T cells and parenchymal kidney cells wants continued exploration. The doable regulation of the PD-1 axis by vitamin D3, glutathione and/or AMPK cell indicators could also be vital to kidney illness and the PD-1 immunotherapeutic response.
Description: The GAS reporter (Luc)-HeLa cell line is designed to monitor the activity of IFN gamma-induced signal transduction pathways in cultured cells by measuring activated STAT1 homodimers. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by three copies of the IFN gamma-activated sites (GAS) located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. IFNγ first binds to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of two chains, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2, causing its dimerization and the activation of specific Janus family kinases (JAK1 and JAK2). Two STAT1 molecules associate with this ligand-activated receptor complex and are activated by phosphorylation to form active homodimer. The active STAT1 homodimers translocate to the nucleus where they bind IFN gamma-activated sites (GAS) in the promoter of IFNγ inducible genes, including luciferase reporter gene.
Description: The GAL4 Reporter (Luc) andndash; HEK293 Cell Line contains a firefly luciferase gene under the control of a multimerized GAL4 upstream activation sequence (UAS) stably integrated into HEK293 cells. The cell line does not contain any exogenous activators of the GAL4 reporter.
Description: The NFAT Reporter - Jurkat Cell Line contains a firefly luciferase gene under the control of the_x000D_NFAT response element stably integrated into Jurkat cells. This cell line has been validated for_x000D_response to thapsigargin, ionomycin, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). It is useful as_x000D_a control cell line for other NFAT reporter cell lines expressing various immune checkpoint_x000D_receptors.
Description: The GAL4 Reporter (Luc) - HEK293 Cell Line contains a firefly luciferase gene under the control of a multimerized GAL4 upstream activation sequence (UAS) stably integrated into HEK293 cells. The cell line does not contain any exogenous activators of the GAL4 reporter and can be used alongside BPS Cat. #60655 as a control.
Description: Human Foxp3 luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of Jurkat T- cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by a human Foxp3 promoter and an enhancer-like conserved noncoding sequence upstream of the Foxp3 promoter.
MCF-7 Human breast cancer, noninvasive cell line: >1x10^10 frozen exosomes
Description: The STAT5 Reporter (Luc)-Ba/F3 cell line is designed for monitoring STAT5 signal transduction pathways. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by the STAT5 response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by cytokines or growth factors, endogenous STAT5 binds to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene.
Description: Our StemTAG 96-Well Stem Cell Colony Formation Assay provides a high-throughput method to quantify ES cells in just 7-10 days, and no manual cell counting is required. Once colonies are formed, they may be analyzed in three different ways: 1. Lyse cells, then quantify in a fluorescence plate reader using dye included in the kit; 2. Lyse cells, then quantify alkaline phosphatase activity using reagents provided; or 3. Recover colonies from matrix for further culture or analysis.
Description: Our StemTAG 96-Well Stem Cell Colony Formation Assay provides a high-throughput method to quantify ES cells in just 7-10 days, and no manual cell counting is required. Once colonies are formed, they may be analyzed in three different ways: 1. Lyse cells, then quantify in a fluorescence plate reader using dye included in the kit; 2. Lyse cells, then quantify alkaline phosphatase activity using reagents provided; or 3. Recover colonies from matrix for further culture or analysis.
Description: The Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) reporter (Luc)-THP-1 cell line is designed to study the activation and signaling of Cytosolic DNA Sensors (CDS) in human monocytic cell line THP-1. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by multimerized ISRE (Interferon Stimulated Response Element) located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. _x000D_The cGAS-STING pathway acts to detect cytosolic DNA and induce an immune response. Briefly, upon binding DNA, the protein cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase) triggers reaction of GTP and ATP to form cGAMP. cGAMP binds to STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) which triggers phosphorylation of IRF3 via TBK1. IRF3 can then bind to interferon-stimulated responsive elements (ISRE) in the nucleus and leads to IFN-α/β production. The IRF reporter (Luc)-THP-1 cell line is highly responsive to STING and CDS ligands.
Description: The Glucocorticoid Receptor Pathway GAL4 Reporter (Luc) – HEK293 Cell Line contains a firefly luciferase gene under the control of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain that is fused to the DNA binding domain (DBD) of GAL4 (GAL4 DBD-GR) stably integrated into HEK293 cells. This fusion construct activates firefly luciferase expression under the control of a multimerized GAL4 upstream activation sequence (UAS). This allows for specific detection of glucocorticoid-induced activation of the glucocorticoid receptor without the need for individual transcriptional targets and with low cross-reactivity for other nuclear receptor pathways. This cell line is validated for response to stimulation of DXMS and to the treatment with mifepristone, an inhibitor of the glucocorticoid signaling pathway.
Description: NF-B luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of HCT-116 cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by 4 copies of NF-κB response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by stimulants, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene._x000D_The NF-κB-luciferase/HCT-116 cell line is suitable for monitoring the activity of NF-κB signaling in response to stimulants such as the cytokines TNF and IL-1β, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) (i.e. flagellin) or endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules (i.e. NOD1 ligand) (see application references). It is also suitable for establishing cell-based screens for inhibitors that target specific NF-κB stimulating molecules. This cell line can be further modified to allow investigation of downstream NF-κB activities as a result of targeted genetic mutation(s).
Description: The NF-κB reporter (Luc) HEK293 cell line is designed to monitor nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) activity. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by four copies of the NF-κB response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines or agonists of lymphokine receptors, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. The cell line has been functionally validated in response to human TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17.
Description: CytoSelect 96-Well Cell Transformation Assays (Cell Recovery Compatible) provide a robust system for detecting transformed cells, screening cell transformation inhibitors, and determining in vitro drug sensitivity. A proprietary modified soft agar matrix allows you to either quantify cells using the included fluorescent dye, or recover the cells for further analysis.
Tissue, Total Protein, Human Tumor Cell Line, MCF 7 (Human Breast Adenocarcinima)
Description: CytoSelect 96-Well Cell Transformation Assays (Cell Recovery Compatible) provide a robust system for detecting transformed cells, screening cell transformation inhibitors, and determining in vitro drug sensitivity. A proprietary modified soft agar matrix allows you to either quantify cells using the included fluorescent dye, or recover the cells for further analysis.
STAT3 Reporter (Luc) - HEK293 Cell line (Puromycin)
Description: The STAT3 Reporter (Luc)-HEK293 cell line is designed for monitoring STAT3 signal transduction pathway. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by STAT3 response elements located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by cytokines and growth factors, endogenous STAT3 binds to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene.
Description: Human Foxp3 luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of Jurkat T- cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by a human Foxp3 promoter and an enhancer-like conserved noncoding sequence upstream of the Foxp3 promoter.
Description: The NF-κB reporter (Luc)-Raw 264.7 cell line is designed for monitoring nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathways. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by four copies of the NF-κB response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines or stimulants of lymphokine receptors, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene.
Description: PAI-1 Reporter (Luc)-Mv1 Lu cell line is designed for monitoring transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent regulator of cellular differentiation, proliferation, migration, and protein expression.PAI-1 Reporter (Luc) –Mv1 Lu cell line contains a firefly luciferase gene under the control of PAI-1 responsive elements stably integrated into Mv1 Lu (NBL-7) cells, showing TGF-β pathway response. This cell line is validated for the TGF-β response to the induction of PAI-1 gene expression through luciferase activity.
Description: The NF-κB reporter (Luc)-THP-1 cell line is designed for monitoring nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathways. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by four copies of the NF-κB response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines or stimulants of lymphokine receptors, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene.
Description: The Radius Cell Migration Assay provides a unique alternative to conventional cell migration assays using the Boyden chamber. Unlike Boyden chamber assays which may only be analyzed at endpoint, the Radius assay uses a proprietary cell culture plate containing a carefully-defined biocompatible hydrogel (Radius gel) spot centralized at the bottom of each well. When cells are seeded in the well, they will attach everywhere except on the Radius gel, creating a cell-free zone. Following cell seeding the Radius gel is removed, allowing migratory cells to move across the area and close the gap.
Description: The Radius Cell Migration Assay provides a unique alternative to conventional cell migration assays using the Boyden chamber. Unlike Boyden chamber assays which may only be analyzed at endpoint, the Radius assay uses a proprietary cell culture plate containing a carefully-defined biocompatible hydrogel (Radius gel) spot centralized at the bottom of each well. When cells are seeded in the well, they will attach everywhere except on the Radius gel, creating a cell-free zone. Following cell seeding the Radius gel is removed, allowing migratory cells to move across the area and close the gap.
Description: PAI-1 Reporter (Luc)-Mv1 Lu cell line is designed for monitoring transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent regulator of cellular differentiation, proliferation, migration, and protein expression._x000D__x000D_PAI-1 Reporter (Luc) -Mv1 Lu cell line contains a firefly luciferase gene under the control of PAI-1 responsive elements stably integrated into Mv1 Lu (NBL-7) cells, showing TGF-β pathway response. This cell line is validated for the TGF-β response to the induction of PAI-1 gene expression through luciferase activity. _x000D_
Description: The NF-κB reporter (Luc)-NIH/3T3 cell line is designed for monitoring nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathways. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by four copies of the NF-κB response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by pro-inflammatory cytokines or stimulants of lymphokine receptors, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene.
Description: Cell Biolabs? HIF-1 Cell Based ELISA Kit is an immunoassay developed for rapid detection of HIF-1 Alpha in fixed cells. Cells on a microplate are stimulated for HIF-1 Alpha stabilization, fixed, permeabilized, and then neutralized in the well. HIF-1 Alpha is then detected with an anti-HIF-1 alpha antibody followed by an HRP conjugated secondary antibody. Each kit provides sufficient reagents to perform up to a total of 96 assays and can detect HIF-1 Alpha from human, mouse, or rat.
Description: An NF-κB luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of CHO-K1 cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by the NF-κB response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by stimulants, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene._x000D_The NF-κB-luciferase / CHO-K1 cell line is suitable for monitoring the activity of NF-κB transcription factor through luminescence readout.). This cell line responds to human cytokine IL-1β, responds moderately to human TNF, and does not respond to human IFN-λ (2 µg/ml). Reducing the amount of serum during incubation period may increase the sensitivity to cytokines. Since CHO-K1 cells do not express endogenous human proteins, this cell line provides an excellent platform to enable exogenous expression of a protein of interest to study its downstream effect on NF-κB signaling.
Description: Recombinant HEK293 cell line expressing full length human CD40 (Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5; TNFRSF5). Expression is confirmed by real-time qPCR and Western Blot. This NF-ĸB luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by 4 copies of NF-andkappa;B response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by human CD40 ligand, NF-ĸB transcription factor binds to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene.
Description: NF-κB luciferase reporter construct is stably integrated into the genome of A549 cells. The firefly luciferase gene is controlled by 4 copies of NF-κB response element located upstream of the TATA promoter. Following activation by stimulants, endogenous NF-κB transcription factors bind to the DNA response elements to induce transcription of the luciferase gene.
Description: The STAT5 Reporter (Luc)-U937 cell line is designed for monitoring STAT5 signal transduction pathway in the U937 cell line. It contains a firefly luciferase gene driven by the STAT5 response element located upstream of the minimal TATA promoter. After activation by GM-CSF, endogenous STAT5 binds to the DNA response elements, inducing transcription of the luciferase reporter gene.
Description: Cell Biolabs? CytoSelect Cell Proliferation Assay Reagent (Fluorometric) provides a fluorometric format for measuring and monitoring cell proliferation. Cells can be plated and then treated with compounds or agents that affect proliferation. Cells are then incubated with the proliferation reagent. Upon entering metabolically active live cells, the non-fluorescent proliferation reagent is converted into a bright red fluorescent form. An increase in cell proliferation is accompanied by increased fluorescent signal, while a decrease in cell proliferation (and signal) can indicate the toxic effects of compounds or suboptimal culture conditions. The assay principles are basic and can be applied to most eukaryotic cell lines, including adherent and non-adherent cells and certain tissues. This cell proliferation reagent can be used to detect proliferation in bacteria, yeast, fungi, protozoa as well as cultured mammalian and piscine cells. The kit contains sufficient reagents for the evaluation of 960 assays in ten 96-well plates or 192 assays in eight 24-well plates.
Description: The ability of malignant tumor cells to invade normal surrounding tissue contributes in large part to the morbidity and mortality of cancers. Cell invasion requires several distinct cellular functions including adhesion, motility, detachment, and extracellular matrix proteolysis. Our CytoSelect Cell Invasion Assays utilize precoated inserts to assay the invasive properties of tumor cells. Invasive cells can be quantified in 24-well plates on either a standard microplate reader or a fluorescence plate reader. Inserts are precoated on the top of the membrane with Laminin.
Description: Our CytoSelect 384-Well Cell Transformation Assay uses a modified soft agar 3D matrix to support the formation of colonies by neoplastic cells. Quantitation of cell transformation is performed on a fluorescence plate reader.
Description: Our CytoSelect 384-Well Cell Transformation Assay uses a modified soft agar 3D matrix to support the formation of colonies by neoplastic cells. Quantitation of cell transformation is performed on a fluorescence plate reader.
Description: The Radius Cell Migration Assay provides a unique alternative to conventional cell migration assays using the Boyden chamber. Unlike Boyden chamber assays which may only be analyzed at endpoint, the Radius assay uses a proprietary cell culture plate containing a carefully-defined biocompatible hydrogel (Radius gel) spot centralized at the bottom of each well. When cells are seeded in the well, they will attach everywhere except on the Radius gel, creating a cell-free zone. Following cell seeding the Radius gel is removed, allowing migratory cells to move across the area and close the gap.
